The short answer
May, October, and November. May for the "before rainy season" window with warm seas and clear skies; October-November for the post-typhoon recovery window with the same warmth and dramatically lower prices.
If beach swimming is the priority, the swimming season officially runs April 1 to October 31 at most Okinawan beaches — but the typhoon disruption from late June through September means May and October are the only months where you can plan a beach week with high confidence.
Why Okinawa is not "Japan in summer"
Okinawa sits in the subtropics, 1,000 km southwest of Tokyo. Its weather has nothing in common with Honshu:
- Winters are mild. January in Naha is 19°C — about the same as Tokyo in late April. You can wear a long-sleeve T-shirt all winter.
- Cherry blossoms come first. The vibrant pink kanhizakura blooms in late January — two full months before the Tokyo somei-yoshino bloom. Different species, different climate, different season.
- Typhoon exposure is 3-5× the mainland. Okinawa sits in the western Pacific typhoon highway. June-October each year, ~7 typhoons approach close enough to disrupt travel. Tokyo gets maybe one or two with real impact.
- Sea temperature stays warm. Even January seas hover around 22°C — uncomfortable for most but warmer than most European or US beaches in mid-summer.
The typhoon question
Typhoon season runs June to October, peaking late August and September. In a typical year, 3-7 named storms approach within 300 km of Okinawa. Direct hits cancel flights from Naha to mainland Japan (and to the outer islands), close ferries to Kerama and Yaeyama, and close beaches and snorkel boats for 1-3 days at a time.
If you have to visit in typhoon season, build in buffer days, get insurance that covers weather disruptions, and stay on the main island rather than committing to a fixed outer-island ferry. Or shift your trip earlier (May) or later (late October-November).
The outer islands shift the window
The Yaeyama islands — Ishigaki, Iriomote, Taketomi — are warmer and clearer year-round than the main island. The same rules apply, but the "cool" winters are an extra 2-3°C warmer, and the November/December snorkeling clarity at Kabira Bay (Ishigaki) is the best in the country.
Sakura + whales: the underrated January-February window
If you can't do beach weather and don't mind 19°C, late January through February is Okinawa's quiet alternative season. Cherry blossoms light up Nago Castle Park and Mt. Yaedake, humpback whales migrate through the Kerama waters, and hotel prices sit at their annual lows. The major caveat: water's too cool for casual swimming, and the weather can swing rainy.